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Architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages
The architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages includes all building within the modern borders of Scotland, between the departure of the Romans from Northern Britain in the early fifth century and the adoption of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century, and includes vernacular, ecclesiastical, royal, aristocratic and military constructions. The first surviving houses in Scotland go back 9500 years. There is evidence of different forms of stone and wooden houses exist and earthwork hill forts from the Iron Age. The arrival of the Romans from about led to the abandonment of many of these forts. After the departure of the Romans in the fifth century, there evidence their reoccupation and of the building of a series of smaller "nucleated" constructions sometimes utilising major geographical features, as at Dunadd and Dumbarton. In the following centuries new forms of construction emerged throughout Scotland that would come to define the landscape.
Medieval vernacular architecture utilised local building materials, including cruck constructed houses, turf walls and clay, with a heavy reliance on stone. Medieval parish church architecture was typically simpler than in England, but there were grander ecclesiastical buildings in the Romanesque and Gothic styles. From the early fifteenth century, the introduction of Renaissance styles included the selective use of Romanesque forms in church architecture, as in the nave of Dunkeld Cathedral. Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of feudalism in the twelfth century. Initially these were wooden motte-and-bailey constructions, but many were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain wall. In the late Middle Ages, new castles were built, some on a grander scale, and others, particularly in the borders, as simpler tower houses. Gunpowder weaponry led to the use of gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls adapted to resist bombardment. There was a phase of Renaissance palace building from the late fifteenth century, beginning at Linlithgow.
==Background==
The earliest surviving houses in Scotland go back around 9500 years,〔I. Maxwell, ''A History of Scotland's Masonry Construction'' in P. Wilson, ed., ''Building with Scottish Stone'' (Edinburgh: Arcamedia, 2005), ISBN 1-904320-02-3, p. 19.〕 and the first villages 6000 years; Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney is the earliest preserved example in Europe.〔F. Pryor, ''Britain BC'' (London: HarperPerennial, 2003), ISBN 978-0-00-712693-4, pp. 98–104 and 246–250.〕 Crannogs, or roundhouses, each built on artificial islands, date from the Bronze Age,〔N. Dixon ''The Crannogs of Scotland: An Underwater Archaeology'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2004), ISBN 0-7524-3151-X.〕 and stone buildings called Atlantic roundhouses and larger earthwork hill forts from the Iron Age.〔S. Piggott and J. Thirsk, ''The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Prehistory: Volume 1 of Agrarian History of England and Wales'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), ISBN 0-521-08741-4, pp. 124–5.〕 After the arrival of the Romans from about 71 AD hey appear to have been largely abandoned..〔A. Konstam, ''Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland'' (Botley: Osprey, 2010), ISBN 1-84603-686-0, p. 12.〕 The Romans build military forts like that at Trimontium,〔A. Moffat, ''Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History'' (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), ISBN 0-500-28795-3, p. 245.〕 and a continuous fortification between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde known as the Antonine Wall, built in the second century AD.〔("History" ), ''antoninewall.org'', retrieved 25 July 2008.〕〔D. J. Breeze, ''The Antonine Wall'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2006), ISBN 0-85976-655-1, p. 167.〕 Beyond Roman influence, there is evidence of wheelhouses〔V. Turner, ''Ancient Shetland'' (London: B. T. Batsford/Historic Scotland, 1999), ISBN 0-7134-8000-9, p. 81.〕 and underground souterrains.〔R. Miket, "The souterrains of Skye" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, ''In the Shadow of the Brochs'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), ISBN 0-7524-2517-X, pp. 77–110.〕 After the departure of the Romans in the third century, there is evidence of the reoccupation of Iron Age forts and of the building of a series of smaller "nucleated" constructions, sometimes utilising major geographical features, as at Dunadd and Dumbarton.〔L. R. Laing, ''The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland, C. AD 400–1200'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edn., 2006), ISBN 0-521-54740-7, p. 34.〕
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